To construct the evaluation index system of urban river landscape, the landscape evaluation of the river is taken as the target level, and the eco-environmental index, social economy and aesthetics are taken as the guideline. Water quality, species diversity, water transparency, flood control, waterscape utilization, landscape accessibility, color beauty, form beauty, and regional culture are used as index layers. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to determine the weight of each indicator layer, and the use of distance index method is used to build the evaluation model. The evaluation model was used to evaluate the landscape of the upper and lower reaches of Panlong River in Kunming. The quantitative evaluation and qualitative evaluation are combined to provide guidance for planning and design of urban river system landscape environment and to build a new model of water restoration planning in order to provide reference for sustainable development.

This paper select related indexes of ecological tension to establish the RBFN (radial basis function network) model, which is trained and tested according to the research results of ecological tension at different time in different regions. Then, the model is used to evaluate ecological tension of China’s 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in 2008 and 2013, and the evaluation results visualization expressed with GIS. The results show that the half area is the ecological pressure security status, and Beijing has the largest ecological pressure all the time; 22 provincial administrative regions’ ecological tension are aggravated from 2008 to 2013; regionally, the ecological pressure is the largest in North China, and the smallest in the northwest.

Special attention has been paid to three types of processes, that is, source process, removal process and internal cycling. Through the summary of literatures, the mechanisms of typical cycling processes, such as sediment release and denitrification, were discussed. The comparison of contributions of different cycling processes was listed as well. Moreover, the main research approaches of experiment and modeling in this field were well summarized and compared, raising a general framework for the study of nutrients cycling in lakes. With the purpose of looking into the cycling of nutrients, different approaches should be combined together. For example, mechanism models and observation for the mass balance of nutrients, then the microcosmic experiments for the impact factors of cycling processes. It is an efficient way to explore the cycling of nutrients in lakes.

Considering per person GDP, water resource and sewage discharge of per capita, an inexact fuzzy linear programming model is applied for regional population management in Xining, China. The result indicated that the Xining’s population would be [282.16×10⁴, 324.00×10⁴], [241.94×10⁴, 282.88×10⁴] and [220.32×10⁴, 261.93×10⁴] under the scenario of low, medium and high degree of satisfaction. Meanwhile, the shortage of available water resource would be the limiting factor on the growth of regional population.

Taking Lake Dianchi Watershed as study area, the dynamics change degree of land use types in the watershed was analyzed based on interpretation data from TM image in 1990 and 1999. The direction of land use conversion was quantitatively analyzed by land use transfer matrix based on the Markov model. Meanwhile, land use change tendency of 2008 was simulated and forecasted based on land use conversion rules using multi-criteria evaluation method from GIS and combining with CA-Markov model. Compared with the interpretation data of 2008, Kappa coefficient of the simulated results was 0.7338, indicating that the simulated results were credible. The spatial patterns of land use change in 2017 and 2026 were simulated by using CA-Markov model. The results show that land use change is also active in this watershed and ecological restoration and reconstruction is still confronted with pressure. Farmland, forest, water and unused land will reduce from 2008 to 2026, while the grassland and construction land will continue to increase. Compared with the trend of land use from 1990 to 2008, the simulated result indicate that farmland, forest and construction land from 2008 to 2026 will keep the same change trend while grassland, water and unused land show the opposite change trend. Construction land will expand on the basis of the present and the change of water is little. Although forest resources will decrease in future, it is still the main land use types in watershed. Construction land expansion significantly increases the load of non-point source pollution in Dianchi. Unreasonable land use is one of the major causes of the water quality degradation in Dianchi Lake currently, and it is going to increase the pressure on the water environment and ecology of water basin in the future. Therefore, to maintain enough arable land per capita, lower fertilization strength, improve land utilization levels, keep a sufficient amount of ecological land, use construction land frugally and intensively, are some important measures to reduce the potential of non-point source pollution in the area. The research can provide scientific support for rational planning and management of land use, the policies formulating of ecological restoration and economic development.

Based on NANI calculator, statistic data and parameter from 358 cities of China (Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan are not included) are applied to assess net anthropogenic nitrogen input (NANI) at China’s city scale. On average, NANI of Mainland China has reached to 45.15 Tg in 2010, and on a per area basis the value is 4716 kg/km², which is 3 times than world average level. Nitrogen fertilizer input dominates NANI budget items, which accounts for 65.0% of the total, net food and feed input (21.4%), oxide N deposition (7.3%) and crop fixation (6.5%) follow. On geographical basis, NANI of the 358 cities has an obvious characteristic of regionalization, and high value areas appear in cropland and population concentrated places. Compared to province scale data, data on city scale is more effective to assist in discerning key regions, which is able to control more nitrogen input with smaller control area.

An integrated approach of absolute principle components score-multivariate linear regression (APCS-MLR) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were developed to understand the influence of water chemistry variables on chlorophyll a (Chl a) in Lake Dianchi. The SEM result was further validated with the artificial neural networks (ANN) model. It proved that there was a good agreement on the results of the various models. The model results demonstrated that, among the water chemistry factors, physical factors (T > DO > SD > pH) had the greatest influence on Chl a; whereas nutrients had little influence. In severely polluted water with chronically high nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations like Lake Dianchi, the change of nutrients concentrations will not significantly influence on Chl a, while the sensibility of N is higher than P. Therefore, nitrogen load reduction should be put in priority for eutrophication control in Lake Dianchi.

The authors study the solution robustness of the Risk Explicit Interval Linear Programming (REILP) model using numerical experimentations, investigating whether optimal solutions of a REILP would vary under various preferences to different constraints. The first numerical experiment deals with an optimal land use planning subject to nutrient loading constraints. The second one deals with an optimal water resource allocation subject to pollutant loading constraints. The results show that REILP solutions have different sensitivities to constraint preferences in different cases. This phenomenon suggests that in practice it is necessary to conduct thorough analysis on the robustness of REILP solutions to constraint preferences before reaching reliable decision support. In addition, the variability of REILP solutions with regard to various constraint preferences makes it possible to efficiently generate alternative management schemes within the frame work of REILP.

A new watershed management module, Intelligent Watershed Management (IWM), was proposed. The decision need for watershed management was analyzed before the conception and components of IWM were formulated. The idea of IWM comes from the principles of bionics and imitates the process of human decisions. The IWM is significantly differing from traditional watershed management, which includes three main steps, i.e. watershed information inquiring, input-output response modeling at the watershed scale, and optimized decision making. Four key issues of IWM were identified, including the management goal, suitable models, non-linear responses and computational requirement, and the uncertainties in the watershed system. The modeling framework of IWM was developed and some new algorithms were proposed, such as Risk Explicit Interval Linear Programming (REILP) and Nonlinearity-Interval Mapping Scheme (NIMS) for simulation-optimization analysis. Some cases were demonstrated for the efficiency of the proposed models.

An integrated methodology framework was proposed to acknowledge the important role of cumulative environmental assessment (CEA) in the strategic environmental assessment of regional development plan (RDP). The developed CEA framework consisted of nine steps, including (a) analysis of regional development plan, (b) identification of environmental responses, (c) determination of CEA scales, (d) network analysis of pressures and responses, (e)baselines for CEA, (f) scenarios development, (g) cumulative assessment and early warning, (h) mitigative measures of environmental consequences, and (i) adaptive management. Scenario analysis and system dynamic (SD) models were integrated to deal with the uncertainties and dynamics in the RDP system. The cumulative environmental consequences at various temporal and spatial scales were assessed using the integrated models. The RDP of Zhengzhou Airport Zone (ZZAZ) was taken as a case and its CEA and early warning for regional air and ground water was carried out. Four scenarios were proposed after the comprehensive of ZZAZ’s RDP and the identification of environmental consequences. System dynamic model was developed for temporal and spatial CEA, combined with air and water mechanistic models. Several strategies were proposed based on CEA results to mitigate the consequences, including (a) adjustment of spatial ecological patterns at regional scale, (b) optimization of regional industries structure, (c) pollution control, and (d) adaptive management.

Last three decades, China has experienced a fast economic growing and urbanization process. The dramatically increasing of urban population enlarged the demand of transportation, which has caused serious environmental problems. Sustainable transport research, as an effective way to deal with these dilemmas, has been booming after the “Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST) Project” of OECD in 2000. But, it’s still on the road before its theory, methodology and application been consummated. The authors expatiate the definition, characteristic, objects and aims of environmentally sustainable transport management. A research framework, consisting of system dynamic forecasting, external analysis, comprehensive assessment, inexact optimization and backcasting approach, is proposed to assist decision making for transport environment management.

Multivariate statistical analysis and hedonic pricing method were employed to analyze the effects of structural variables, including land transaction price, bus lines, distance to downtown area, central business district, railway station and hospital, floor area ratio (FAR), and dichotomous variables, including nearness to rail transit, recreational facilities and parks on housing transaction price in Beijing city. Results indicate that the main determinants of real estate price in Beijing are land transaction price, distance to downtown area, FAR, existence of nearby rail transit and recreational facilities. Among which, land transaction price have a considerably positive effect on transaction price, while FAR and distance from housing to the downtown area are the main negative driving forces for housing transaction price in Beijing.

This paper examines the Chinese urban systems in terms of domestic air flows since 1995 based on gravity model and the fuzzy variable method. Main findings are as following: The first and second tier cities of contemporary urban systems are mostly core cities of megalopolis or mega-city regions; Shanghai and Beijing further strengthened their position as national airline hubs and primary cities. And interactions among mega-city regions reflect the uprising of the Yangtze River Delta Region as the leading region of the nation. Based on gravity model analysis, Beijing enjoys the biggest hubness score followed by Xiamen etc. In 1995-2004, the hubness changes can clearly reflect the recent competitiveness of mega-cities or regions.

An optimization model was developed for urban traffic environmental system based on passenger trip generating.Firstly, a System Dynamic model was built up to simulate the developing characteristics of urban passenger traffic system, as well as its environmental impacts. Secondly, a linear optimization model, with the objective of maximizing traffic efficiency under the resource and the environment constrains, was formed to search for the best trip assignment structure. Thirdly, several scenarios were designed based on the results of the two former models and amending effects were re-simulated. Finally, grey correlation assessment was utilized on the premise of social-economic support, feasible policy, minimized pressures on resource and environment, to select the optimized assignment structure. Acase study of Beijing wasfollowed andtheresults verified the mode's effectiveness.

Organic geo-chemical methods were utilizedto simulatethe hydrocarbon-generation modes of coal samples fromGuizhou Province. High temperature simulation experiment by quartz cuvette technique and microscope analysis by FTIR were utilized to estimate hydrocarbon-generation mode and potential of local coal mine in Panxian, Guizhou Province. The results indicate that, the kerogen of Panxian coals is of Ⅲtype; the heating product is mainly gas because of the simple component of kerogen; and the mass hydrocarbon producing temperature is about 300-350 ℃.

The GIS-based long-term hydrological impact analysis (L-THIA GIS) model was used to simulatethe long-term impacts of urbanization on surface runoff in the Xitiaoxi River watershed in the upper reaches of Taihu Lake. Two historic land use scenarios (1985 and 2000) were analyzed to track land use changes in the watershed andto assessthe impacts of land use changes on annual average runoff. There was a 75% increase in urban land area from 1985 to 2000; consequently, the runoff coefficient increased by 1.4%. When the total urban area occupied was assumed to be 25% or 45% of the entire watershed, the runoff coefficient reached 0.68 or 0.79, respectively. Therefore, a reasonable urban land use plan is needed to limit blind urban expansion; the curve number should be used as an index in land use planning.

Fractal method is introduced into the study of regional economy based on the analysis of human-environment complex system in western China. The spatial fractal characteristics are determined by the results from the economic relation intensity model. The economic relation intensities amongst different cities and counties in the Aikesu area are calculated and spatial distributions are analyzed, compared with the fundamental corresponding characteristics of self-affine fractal, thus providing guidance for the regional planning.

Deriving from the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) theory, a framework of sustainable development (SD) indicators describing urban fringe's urbanization process was brought forward. Sustainable Development Index (ISD) series for multi-years were used to measure the regional capability of sustainability. The socio-economic-environmental grand system was considered as a grey system and artificial neural network (ANN) was applied to calculate the ISD series. Then a case study of Huiji District, Zhengzhou City was adopted for ISD assessment from the year 1987 to 2004, and uncertainty analysis was also construed. The results showed that both the framework and the ISD with ANN were suitable in reflecting its SD levels. The method is recommendable for analogous problems.